约翰·狄克森·卡尔生平与作品

 

  约翰·狄克森·卡尔(John Dickson Carr),生于 1905 年 11 月 30 日,卒于 1977 年 2 月 27日,是位多产的美国籍推理小说家,除了「约翰·狄克森·卡尔」之外,也曾使用过「卡特·狄克森」(Carter Dickson)、「卡尔·狄克森」(Carr Dickson)以及「罗杰·费尔拜恩」(Roger Fairbairn)等多个笔名发表作品。卡尔是公认的古典推理黄金时期伟大作家之一,写作上注重谜团的设计,并辅以复杂而紧凑的情节。他大部分的小说及短篇故事中都有一个古怪的侦探,负责解开种种不可思议同时又带有超自然神秘味道的犯罪,这样的风格主要是受到法国作家勒胡(Gaston Leroux)以及英国文学巨擘 G. K. 却斯特顿的布朗神父系列所影响。事实上,卡尔笔下那肥胖、和蔼的字典编篡家基甸·菲尔博士,正是根据却斯特顿的形象而写的。

生平与作品

  卡尔生于美国宾州联合镇(Uniontown, Pennsylvania),父亲曾任民主党议员。高中时课业表现平平,但已经开始热中于推理方面的写作。1931 年他于海外留学时,与英国女子克蕾儿·克利夫斯(Clarice Cleaves)结婚,并定居于英国,两人共育有三子,之後才于 1948 年返回美国。卡尔于 1950 年代所写的大部分作品,场景都是设定在英国或欧洲,由于文笔极富欧洲风味,因此当时有人还一度认为,「卡尔」其实是英国知名幽默作家伍德霍斯(P. G. Wodehouse)的笔名。

  「密室杀人」(locked room mystery)是推理小说常见的一种类型,通常名探们要解决的,都是些「不可能的犯罪」,像是在密闭或内部上锁之房间内发生的谋杀案,或是死者被勒杀或近距离刺杀于雪地或泥地,但尸体旁除了死者自己的脚印外,却没有任何其他痕迹。而说到「密室杀人」,一定会想到有「密室之王」之称的卡尔,特别是菲尔博士系列的名作「三口棺材」(The Three Coffins,1935 年出版,英国版书名为 The Hollow Man),这本谜团离奇诡异但构思严谨的小说,不但经常为许多推理作家或评论家评选为密室杰作首选之外,书中第十七章借菲尔博士之口所发表的密室讲义,更可视为一篇总结「不可能犯罪」手法的精闢论文。

  Many of the Fell novels feature two or more different impossible crimes, including He Who Whispers (1946) and The Case of the Constant Suicides (1941). The novel The Crooked Hinge (1938) weaves a seemingly impossible throat-slashing, witchcraft, an eerie automaton modelled on Johann Maelzel's chess player, and a case similar to that of the Tichborne claimant into what is often cited as one of the greatest classics of detective fiction. But even Carr's biographer, Douglas G. Greene (John Dickson Carr: The Man Who Explained Miracles), notes that the explanation, like many of Carr's in other books, seriously stetches plausibility and the reader's credulity.

  Besides Dr. Fell, Carr mysteries feature three other series detectives: Sir Henry Merrivale (H.M.), Henri Bencolin, and Colonel March. Many of the Merrivale novels, written under the Carter Dickson byline, rank with Carr's best work, including the highly praised The Judas Window (1938). A few of his works have no series detectives. The most famous of these books, The Burning Court (1937) -- about witchcraft, poisoning, and a body that disappears from a sealed crypt in suburban Philadelphia -- was the basis for the French film La Chambre ardente (1962). The book is notable for an apparently supernatural ending that contradicts an earlier, rational explanation of the mysterious events.

  Carr also wrote many radio scripts, particularly for the BBC, and some film scripts. His 1943 half-hour radio play Cabin B-13 was expanded into a series on CBS in the early 1950s, and he wrote all those scripts. That radio play was also expanded into the script for the 1953 film Dangerous Crossing, directed by Joseph M. Newman and starring Michael Rennie and Jeanne Crain.

  1942's The Emperor's Snuffbox became the 1957 British film production That Woman Opposite.

  In 1950 Carr wrote a novel called The Bride of Newgate, set during the Napoleonic Wars, and this may be called the first full-length historical whodunnit. The Devil in Velvet and Fire, Burn! are the two historicals with which he himself was most pleased.

  With Adrian Conan Doyle, the youngest son of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Carr wrote a majority of the Sherlock Holmes stories that were published in the 1954 collection The Exploits of Sherlock Holmes {ISBN 0157203383}.

  Late in life Carr developed an interest in the Southern United States, and a number of his last books are set there. He died in South Carolina.

主要系列介绍

  卡尔笔下主要有两位名侦探,亦即菲尔博士与亨利·梅瑞威尔爵士。猛一看之下,两人似乎极为相像,都是身材高壮,声如洪钟,学养俱佳却透着点古怪的中壮年英国绅士,但两人其实各有各的特质与个性。

  以菲尔博士来说,其形象显然是根据英国名作家却斯特顿所塑造,这位可以用肥胖形容的绅士,必须靠着两支柺杖走路,个性一直以来也都相当和蔼可亲。他有一头蓬松的乱发,头上经常戴着铲形帽,喜欢穿着斗蓬。平日住在俭朴小屋的他,并未与当局有任何正式的往来。

  另一方面说来,亨利·梅瑞威尔爵士身材虽然也很「结实」,并且有个「威武」的大肚子,身手却非常灵活矫健,而且他个性易怒,常常高声发起脾气,叫人有点不敢亲近。这位富有的爵士,出身自英国渊源最久远的爵位,对自己的公职身份经常嗤之以鼻,不过在最初几本小说中,他还是英国情报局的领袖呢。在最早的小说中便可以明显看出,这个戴着眼镜、秃头、经常一脸不悦的梅瑞威尔爵士,有着浓浓的邱吉尔味,在後期的小说中,这样的特质更是变本加厉。

  近年来,推理界是将卡尔的菲尔博士系列,视为其主要成就,不过更早期一点,广受评论欢迎的,则是梅瑞威尔爵士,着名推理小说评论家海克拉夫(Howard Haycraft,重要着作为《Murder for Pleasure: The Life and Times of the Detective Story》)在 1941 年便写道,梅瑞威尔爵士那「老头子」,「在当代各个小说名侦探中,最受当今作家喜爱」。

以「约翰·狄克森·卡尔」发表之小说

  Image:3Coffins.jpg
  1960 年平装版封面有中文名者皆是根据台湾脸谱出版文化已出版之翻译书。

  菲尔博士系列

女巫角(Hag's Nook),1933
The Mad Hatter Mystery,1933
The Blind Barber,1934
The Eight Of Swords,1934
Death-Watch,1935
三口棺材(The Three Coffins),1935(英国版书名:The Hollow Man)
阿拉伯之夜谋杀案(The Arabian Nights Murder),1936
To Wake The Dead,1938
歪曲的枢纽(The Crooked Hinge),1938
绿胶囊之谜(The Problem Of The Green Capsule,1939(英国版书名:The Black Spectacles)
The Problem Of The Wire Cage,1939
The Man Who Could Not Shudder,1940
The Case of the Constant Suicides,1941
Death Turns The Tables,1942(英国版书名:The Seat Of The Scornful)
The Emperor's Snuffbox,1942
Till Death Do Us Part,1944
He Who Whispers,1946
The Sleeping Sphinx,1947
Below Suspicion,1949(Patrick Butler 亦有出现)
The Dead Man's Knock,1958
In Spite Of Thunder,1960
The House At Satan's Elbow,1965
Panic In Box C,1966
Dark Of The Moon,1968

  亨利班克林系列
It Walks By Night,1930
Castle Skull,1931
The Lost Gallows,1931
The Corpse In The Waxworks,1932(英国版书名:The Waxworks Murder)
The Four False Weapons, Being the Return of Bencolin,1938

  其他
Poison In Jest,1932
The Burning Court,1937
The Bride Of Newgate,1950,历史推理
The Devil In Velvet,1951,历史推理
The Nine Wrong Answers,1952
Captain Cut-Throat,1955,历史推理
Patrick Butler For The Defence(书中侦探为 Patrick Butler),1956
Fire, Burn!,1957,历史推理
Scandal At High Chimneys: A Victorian Melodrama,1959,历史推理
The Witch Of The Lowtide: An Edwardian Melodrama,1961,历史推理
The Demoniacs,1962,历史推理
Most Secret,1964(其前身为卡尔以笔名「罗杰·费尔拜恩」于 1937 年发表之旧作 Devil Kinsmere,修订後再重新发行)
Papa La-Bas,1968,历史推理
The Ghosts' High Noon,1970,历史推理
Deadly Hall,1971,历史推理
The Hungry Goblin: A Victorian Detective Novel,1972(书中侦探为 Wilkie Collins)

  以「卡特·狄克森」发表之小说
Image:JudasWindow.jpg
1987 年平装版封面[编辑]梅瑞威尔爵士系列
The Plague Court Murders,1934
The White Priory Murders,1934
The Red Widow Murders,1935
The Unicorn Murders,1935
The Magic Lantern Murders,1936(英国版书名:The Punch And Judy Murders)
The Peacock Feather Murders,1937(英国版书名:The Ten Teacups)
Death In Five Boxes,1938
The Judas Window,1938
The Reader Is Warned,1939
And So To Murder,1940
Nine - And Death Makes Ten,1940(英国版书名:Murder In The Submarine Zone)
Seeing Is Believing,941
The Gilded Man,1942
She Died A Lady,1943
He Wouldn't Kill Patience,1944
The Curse Of The Bronze Lamp,1945(英国版书名:Lord Of The Sorcerors)
My Late Wives,1946
The Skeleton In The Clock,1948
A Graveyard To Let,1949
Night At The Mocking Widow,1950
Behind The Crimson Blind,1952
The Cavalier's Cup,1953

  其他
The Bowstring Murders,1934 (Originally published as by Carr Dickson, but Carr's publishers complained that the name was too similar to Carr's real name, so Carter Dickson was substituted.)
Fatal Descent (in collaboration with John Rhode) - 1939(英国版书名:Drop To His Death)
Fear Is The Same,1956,历史推理

  短篇小说集
The Department of Queer Complaints(以卡特·狄克森之名发表,书中侦探为 Colonel March),1940
Dr. Fell, Detective, and Other Stories ,1947(菲尔博士系列)
The Third Bullet and Other Stories,1954
The Exploits of Sherlock Holmes , with Adrian Conan Doyle,1954(歇洛克·福尔摩斯)
The Men Who Explained Miracles(含菲尔博士、梅瑞威尔爵士与其他侦探)

  非文学类作品
The Murder of Sir Edmund Godfrey,1936, historical recreation of a noted murder in 1678
The Life of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle,1949, the authorized biography

  相关网站
卡尔网页(英文)
The John Dickson Carr Collector,收集各种初版封面 http://www.jdcarr.com/
恐怖的人狼城
台湾脸谱出版文化