首页 -> 2004年第2期
魅力无限的《简.爱》
作者:黄源深
在书中,类似的句子信手拈来就是,刻画人物的如:He had a hard-featured yet good-natured looking face. / She was sowing aversion and unkindness along my future path. 写景的如:The afternoon came on wet and somewhat misty: as it waned into dusk.../ Some heavy clouds, swept from the sky by a rising wind, had left the moon bare.../ 警句或箴言式的如:Poverty looks grim to grown people; still more so to children./ I honour endurance, perseverance, industry, talent; because these are the means by which men achieve great ends, and mount to lofty eminence.等等,都让人读了爱不释手。
《简·爱》的这种魅力并没有因我年岁渐长而削减。到了文革后期,白天忙于学习《语录》,晚间得闲,便偷偷地重拾起荒疏了的学业。记得第一本拿起来看的便是《简·爱》,虽然初读这本小说已是十多年前的事了,但再次阅读,觉得其吸引力依然未减。又因为自己经历了世事,增添了阅历,所以对小说中世故人情的描写特别有体会,感到作者很擅长揭示某种复杂的感觉,确实是刻画人物心理的高手。例如描写简·爱独自赴桑菲尔德应聘,到了目的地而不见有人来接的忐忑不安的心理:
It is a very strange sensation to inexperienced youth to feel itself quite alone in the world, cut drift from every connection, uncertain whether the port to which it is bound can be reached, and prevented by many impediments from returning to that it has quitted. The charm of adventure sweetens that sensation, the glow of pride warms it; but then the throb of fear disturbs it; and fear with me became predominant, when half an hour elapsed and still I was alone.(对一位涉世未深的年轻人来说,一种奇怪的感受是体会到自己在世上孑然一身;一切联系已被割断,能否抵达目的港又无把握,要返回出发点则障碍重重。冒险的魅力使这种感受愉快甜蜜,自豪的激情使它温暖,但随后的恐惧又使之不安。
半小时过去,我依然孤单一人时,恐惧心理便压倒了一切。)
这一段,尤其是划线部分,充分刻画了一个年轻女子到达一个新地方,憧憬未来,兴奋却又不安的心理。显然,不同年龄时阅读《简·爱》的体会是不一样的,但无论何时,《简·爱》都同样富有吸引力。
1992年,我受邀翻译《简·爱》。这时《简·爱》已有几个译本问世,但我还是欣然接受了。一方面是出于长期以来对这部小说的偏爱;另一方面是我认为一部世界文学名著有几个译本是十分必要的,这在国外十分常见,多个译本走向市场,代表着不同译者对这部作品的不同理解和传达。翻译,说到底是对原作风格和内涵的诠释和传达,一部文学巨著犹如一个丰富无比的矿藏,并非通过一次性的诠释和传达就能穷尽对它的开掘。多个译本就是多次开掘,译者只要认真负责,学养不落水准,每次都一定会有新的发现,新的收获,新的贡献。正是这样通过一次又一次的努力,人们才接近对一部传世之作的正确认识。此外,一部作品就其文本而言,自诞生之日起就已经凝固,但译者的审美观点、审美趣味、价值取向,以及他所把握的传达原作思想的语言,却因人而异,并随着时代的变迁而不断变化着的,所以同一时代,乃至不同时代,就需要有不同的译本来体现这些差别和变化了。
我着手翻译《简·爱》,再次细读原文的时候,似乎又有了新的感觉。这回特别吸引我的,是小说中回肠荡气的激情和诗意。
奔放的激情确实是《简·爱》的一大特点。主人公儿时受人欺凌所喷发的怒火,含冤受屈时心底的呐喊,以及成年后与男主人公之间频繁的情感冲突和撞击,都表现似火山爆发,常常是言语犀利,激情流泻,字里行间有着一种难以抑制的冲动,让人感到一种强烈的震撼力。
要传达这种激情,译者自己就要有激情,好似演员演戏,充分发挥想象,设想自己置身于人物同样的处境,把感情调动起来,如此才能对书中的描绘近乎感同身受。在这基础上,设计合适的语言,寻找恰当的词汇,尽最大努力把这种激情表达出来。如果译者完全是个麻木不仁的旁观者,那就很难体会那种激情,更谈不上恰如其分地传达了。如书中关于简·爱受罚,被关入红房子,对自己所受的冤屈感到愤愤不平的一段描写:
All John Reed's violent tyrannies, all his sisters' proud indifference, all his mother's aversion, all the servants' partiality, turned up in my disturbed mind like a dark deposit in a turbid well. Why was I always suffering, always browbeaten, always accused, for ever condemned? Why could I never please? Why was it useless to try to win any one's favour? Eliza, who was headstrong and selfish, was respected. Georgianna, who had a spoiled temper, a very acrid spite, a captious and insolent carriage, was universally indulged. Her beauty, her pink cheeks and golden curls, seemed to give delight to all who looked at her, and to purchase indemnity for every fault...I dared commit no fault: I strove to fulfill every duty; and I was termed naughty and tiresome, sullen and sneaking, from morning to noon, and from noon to night.
这一段的句子切分得很短,一个意群接一个意群,节奏很快,抒发着人物心中的满腔义愤,似乎在倾诉,如果苍天真是有眼,为何对世间的不平视而不见?我的译文是:
约翰·里德的专横霸道、他姐妹的高傲冷漠、他母亲的厌恶、仆人们的偏心,像一口混沌的水井中黑色的沉淀物,一古脑儿泛起在我烦恼不安的心头。为什么我总是受苦,总是遭人白眼,总是被人指控,永远受到责备呢?为什么我永远不能讨人喜欢?为什么我尽力博取欢心,却依然毫无用处呢?伊丽莎白自私任性,却受到尊敬;乔治亚娜好使性子,心肠又毒,而且强词夺理,目空一切,偏偏得到所有人的纵容。她的美貌,她红润的面颊,金色的卷发,使得她人见人爱,一俊便可遮百丑……而我不敢有丝毫闪失,该做的事都努力做好,人家还是骂我淘气鬼,讨厌坯,骂我阴丝丝,贼溜溜,从早上骂到中午,从中午骂到晚上。
我在翻译这段话的时候,深深地感受到主人公心头压抑的怒火,在表达时努力向原文靠拢,使用感情色彩很浓的词汇,句法上尽量采用短句,造成急促的节奏,勾勒出孤立无援的简·爱,气急败坏地在呼喊。
又如下面一段:
Do you think I can stay to become nothing to you? Do you think I am an automation?-a machine without feelings? And can bear to have my morsel of bread snatched from my lips, and my drop of living water dashed from my cup? Do you think, because I am poor, obscure, plain, and little, I am soulless and heartless? You think wrong!-I have as much soul as you,--and full as much heart! And if God had gifted me with some beauty, and much wealth, I should have made it as hard for you to leave me, as it is now for me to leave you. I am not talking to you now through the medium of custom, conventionalities, or even of mortal flesh:it is my spirit that addresses your spirit; just as if both had passed through the grave, and we stood at God's feet, equal,--as we are!
[2]