首页 -> 2007年第3期

工作记忆与学习能力的关系

作者:王恩国



  工作记忆影响学生的学习能力,这意味着工作记忆容量低的儿童在学习过程中处于不利地位 。任何学习任务都会对工作记忆产生一定的负荷,需要消耗工作记忆的资源,对工作记忆容 量大的个体来说,由于没有超出其工作记忆能力所能承受的限度,有足够的资源对学习任务 进行加工,因而会取得良好的学习效果;对于工作记忆容量小的个体来说,由于学 习任务所 产生的认知负荷超出了其工作记忆能力所能承受的限度,导致资源受限,不能对学习任务进 行有效的加工,从而对学习产生不利影响。
  综上所述,有关工作记忆与学习能力的关系研究虽然取得了一定的进展,但还有许多问题仍 不清楚,实验方法也需要改进。今后的研究可能集中在特殊个体的工作记忆和阅读理解、数 学问题解决的特点及原因解释,如部分脑部组织受损而导致相应的工作记忆机制缺失的人群 的学习特点及原因解释;盲、聋哑儿童在视觉空间模板或语音回路缺失情况下的语言理解和 问 题解决的特点、原因解释及相关的语言教育;学习困难儿童阅读困难与工作记忆的关系等方 面。由于采用的研究方法和实验程序不同,同一类研究可能会出现不同的结果,甚至是相互 矛盾的结论,从而导致不一致的解释。如何科学地解释实验中出现的现象,正确地揭示内在 的规律,这是一项艰难而长远的工作。所以,工作记忆和学习能力之间关系的研究前景广阔 ,任重道远。
  
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